柏林-泰格尔机场鸟瞰 © Marcus Bredt

2020年11月8日，柏林-泰格尔机场的最后一班离港航班即将正式起飞。见证了四十六载传奇岁月，泰格尔机场承载着由“通往西德的大门”到两德统一后成为首都机场的历史记忆。在最初的规划中，泰格尔机场的年客流量预计为250万，目前它承担着超过2400万的年客流量任务。自2019年以来，柏林-泰格尔机场被正式列为文保建筑，在其机场运营正式关闭之后，它的生命将通过一个名为“城市-科技-共和国”的未来新城蓝图继续延伸。

On November 8, 2020, the last flight will take off from Berlin-Tegel Airport. It has been in operation for 46 years and managed the change from being the door to West-Berlin to becoming the capital airport of unified Germany. Originally designed for 2.5 million annual passengers, the airport ultimately handled 24 million passengers per annum. The airport has been listed as a historic monument since 2019. Following its closure, its buildings will continue to be used as part of the future Urban Tech Republic. 

戴着泰格尔六角眼镜（作为开幕派对入场券）的 冯·格康，玛格和尼克尔斯，1974年 © Otto Stark

曼哈德·冯·格康和福尔克温·玛格，2020年于 泰格尔机场 © Marcus Bredt

故事从1965年说起：曼哈德·冯·格康，福尔克温·玛格和克劳斯·尼克尔斯这三位刚刚走出校园的年轻建筑师一举赢下柏林-泰格尔机场的国际设计竞赛。当时的他们虽然还未有过建成作品，但是学生时期已在其他事务所积累了丰富的建筑竞赛获胜经验，这一背景正是他们在国际竞赛中脱颖而出拿下首都机场设计委托的原因。

Meinhard von Gerkan, Volkwin Marg, and Klaus Nickels had just completed their architectural studies when they won the international competition for Berlin-Tegel Airport in 1965. Even though, at that point in time, they had not yet completed any buildings themselves, they had, as students on behalf of other architects, won numerous competitions with their drawings, which encouraged them to dare to participate in an international competition under their own name.

机场鸟瞰，可见登机口与廊桥 © Marcus Bredt

恰好在参加设计竞赛不久前，曼哈德·冯·格康完成了以汉诺威-朗根哈根机场为题的毕业设计，他将具有先锋思想的建筑理论带到方案当中，探讨机场类型学和运营流程等课题，阐释当时最新机场设计的首要考虑因素。冯·格康、玛格和尼克尔斯以此为基础构想提出了“驶入式机场”的设计理念，最终使泰格尔机场成为“短距离快速登机”的机场典范，从下车后到达登机口最近只有不到30米的步行距离，这一纪录至今未被其他机场打破！实现该设计理念的关键是去中心化的功能布局，警察局、行李托运、海关以及值机柜台等站点被发散式地安排在登机口之间，旅客可通过快速的流线到达所有区域，高效地获取相应服务。在泰格尔机场乘机的便捷程度是无可比拟的，登机廊厅形成一个闭合环线，使旅客以最短距离从航站楼大厅前往登机口。

Just before, Meinhard von Gerkan had designed an airport for Hannover-Langenhagen for his diploma project and therefore brought relevant knowledge of current typologies, technical processes, and of the most up-to-date requirements for airport architecture to the table. On that basis, von Gerkan, Marg, and Nickels designed the airport strictly as a drive-in airport in which the distance from the car to the airplane was only 30 meters, a record that has remained unbroken to this day. A prerequisite for this was decentralized passenger handling in front of each aircraft position. Police, baggage drop, customs, and check-in personnel moved from gate to gate, where the guests arrived by car and were prepared for boarding. This meant that boarding and disembarking times were uniquely short. Similarly, the distance to the main hall from each gate was short, because the piers had been arranged in a circular layout. 

1965年平面图：二期扩建方案“东环线航站楼” © gmp Archiv

1965年平面图：下车后到达登机口仅30米的步行距离 © gmp Archiv

沿用这一独特的环线组织思想，建筑师研发了一个正六边形几何模数，并将其贯穿使用于建筑的每个角落。机场整体设计由正六边形元素统一协调，均衡稳固的60度正三角的踪迹随处可寻，大到城市规划尺度的总体分布，小到家具设施和地面铺砖的细部安排，均由冯·格康，玛格及合伙人建筑师事务所亲笔设计。早在设计竞赛阶段，项目就将机场规模扩建一倍的可能性纳入考虑，提出了新增另一个正六边形环线航站楼的二期建设计划。

Architecturally, this arrangement resulted in extraordinary ring-shaped geometry in the form of a hexagon composed of six equilateral triangles. The entire airport, from the urban design aspect through to the furniture and floor tiles, which were all―without exception―designed by von Gerkan, Marg and Partners Architects, is based on this basic hexagonal shape with the 60-degree angle of the equilateral triangle. At the stage of the competition, provision had already been made for doubling the size by adding a second ring of piers. 

车辆驶入通道 © Marcus Bredt

机场项目实施由具有丰富实践经验的建筑师罗尔夫·尼巴拉主导，他是事务所的第一位合伙人。机场建设所涉及的领域广泛，被分为多个项目独立进行，其中包括飞机维修机库、能源中心、砂石存储库、其他机场运营建筑以及飞机调试库房。

The experienced architect Rolf Niedballa was the architects’ first partner and managed the building project. This involved more than half a dozen individual building projects, including the aircraft maintenance hangar, the energy center, the grit store, further service buildings, and the hangar for jet engine trials.

登机廊桥 © Marcus Bredt

建成后的泰格尔机场的建筑与功能品质是具有未来导向性的。以未来机场的视角，泰格尔机场的设计初衷旨在打造全球推行的范例式建筑。然而，自上世纪70年代中期以来机场的建造要求早已今非昔比，在恐袭事件和商业扩张的背景之下，机场设计的重点转移到了安保举措和零售商铺等方面，泰格尔机场的去中心化布局与旅客友好型理念与现今社会格格不入，因此，时至今日泰格尔机场可谓一座绝无仅有的典范之作。

Upon completion of the project, the architecture and functionality were considered groundbreaking. The assumption was that, in future, other airports would be built on the Berlin-Tegel template. However, from the middle of the 1970s, the passenger-friendly layout with decentralized passenger handling was no longer suited to the new safety facilities required due to terrorism and the increasing demand for retail space, which meant that Berlin-Tegel has remained unique to this day.

航空塔台 © Marcus Bredt 

2016年，柏林-泰格尔机场获得德国联邦建筑师协会 (BDA) 颁发的Klassik-Nike 奖。2019年泰格尔机场被正式列为文保建筑，这是对它历久弥新成为时代传奇的极大认可，即使在后期面临客流量压力无奈超负荷运作的机场，在旅客和柏林市民眼中仍是当之无愧的文化宠儿。

In 2016, Berlin-Tegel Airport was awarded the Klassik-Nike award by the Federal Office of the Association of German Architects (BDA). Since 2019 the airport has been listed as a historic monument―an acknowledgement that reflects the popularity of the airport, which has consistently grown over the years, having enjoyed virtual cult status amongst passengers and Berliners in spite of being notoriously overloaded in recent years. 

曼哈德·冯·格康和福尔克温·玛格，2020年于 泰格尔机场 © Marcus Bredt

冯·格康教授早在2008年就提出对机场腹地后续使用的“TXL plus”初步构想。目前，gmp受泰格尔项目有限公司的设计委托，在“城市-科技-共和国” 总体规划框架下，负责开发机场航站楼、入口大厅、主候机大厅和航空塔台的转化使用。2020年11月9日值此告别泰格尔机场之际，新书《TXL，柏林-泰格尔机场》（于尔根·蒂茨主编，Park Books出版社）正式面世，以反映时代的视角记载了这一建筑传奇背后的故事，介绍曼哈德·冯·格康和福尔克温·玛格独树一帜的设计思想，展示此前从未公开过的众多图纸与照片资料，内容涵盖由设计竞赛到项目落成的全过程。

As early as 2008, von Gerkan had sketched his first vision, “TXL plus”, for the subsequent use of the airport site.  Currently, gmp is working on the design of the subsequent use of the main and entrance buildings, the central hall, and the tower as part of the Urban Tech Republic of Tegel Projekt GmbH. On November 9, 2020, just in time for the closure of the airport, Park Books Publishers is publishing “TXL. Berlin Tegel Airport” edited by Jürgen Tietz.  With contributions from Meinhard von Gerkan and Volkwin Marg, amongst others, the book documents the unique concept of this architectural icon as seen at the time, from competition to completion, in many hitherto unpublished plans and photographs.