图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

在阿尔巴尼亚首都 地拉那 的中心地带，一个新型的文化中心现已向公众开放。地拉那金字塔最初是为纪念国家前领导人而建造的博物馆，MVRDV 对其进行了颠覆性的改造。设计师重新利用了建筑原有的混凝土结构， 「地拉那金字塔」现在是坐落于一个新公园中的开放式“雕塑”。金字塔内部和公园中散布着各种色彩斑斓的盒子， 其中设置了咖啡馆、工作室、创业公司、孵化机构、活动空间，还有免费向阿尔巴尼亚青年提供的学习各种技术知识的教室。建筑倾斜的外墙增加了通向金字塔顶的台阶，让市民可以在这座具有代表性的历史建筑上漫步。

In the heart of Albania’s capital city, a new kind of cultural hub is now open and accessible to the public. The Pyramid of Tirana, originally built as a museum dedicated to the country's leader, has been dramatically transformed by MVRDV. Reusing the concrete structure, the Pyramid is now an open sculpture in a new park. The park and the sculpture are home to an ensemble of colourful boxes, scattered in and around the original building that now house cafés, studios, workshops, start-up offices, incubators, festivals, and classrooms where Albanian youth will learn various technology subjects for free. Steps have been added to the building’s sloping façades, allowing the people of Albania to literally walk all over the building.

背景

Background

地拉那金字塔于1988年作为博物馆首次开放。是一座具有代表性的粗野主义建筑。先后被用作广播电台、夜总会、会议场所、演播中心等等。之后逐渐废弃。

The Pyramid of Tirana was opened as a museum in 1988 and then became a radio station, a nightclub, a conference venue, a broadcast centre, etc, and was eventually dilapidated in the years after.

对于许多阿尔巴尼亚人来说，“地拉那金字塔”是一个非常受欢迎的目的地，这里的年轻人曾将其用作聚会场所，在外墙上画满了涂鸦，还经常趁着夜晚不顾危险地攀上斜坡，然后再顺着斜坡滑下来嬉闹。

For many Albanians the Pyramid is a popular destination for gathering. In an attempt to reclaim the deteriorating structure, the youth of Tirana have used it as a hangout and a canvas for graffiti, and often climb it at night and then – not without risk – slide down its slopes.

废弃

Dilapidated

拆除

vs

改造

Demolish

vs

Refurbish

面对地拉那金字塔的未来，绝大多数的公众投票反对将金字塔拆除。2017年，政府决定对建筑进行改造利用，打造为技术创新研发和年轻人教育的新型文化中心。

Regarding the future of the Pyramid of Tirana, majority of citizens of Tirana were against the demolition. It was announced in 2017 that the Pyramid will not be demolished, but refurbished into a new cultural hub for technology innovation and education for the younger generations of Albania.

由MVRDV改造设计的新地拉那金字塔已于2023年10月重新开放。

In October 2023, the new Pyramid of Tirana, refurbished by MVRDV, was re-opened to the public.

再生

Revival

概念解析图 Stepped diagrams: © MVRDV

图片来自网络 Internet image

改造前 before renovation

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

改造后 after renovation

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

「地拉那金字塔」在改造完成前就已经成为人们频繁聚集的场所。 除了来这里欣赏城市美景的阿尔巴尼亚人外，游客们也发现了金字塔这块隐藏的宝地。随着欧盟峰会的召开，以及阿尔巴尼亚青少年免费教育机构的正式落成，金字塔再次开放，迎接公众的回归。

Even though Tirana’s Pyramid was until recently a building site, it was already heavily in use the past summer. Besides Albanians enjoying the city views, the Pyramid was also discovered by tourists as a hidden gem. With an EU Summit and the official inauguration of the building as a free educational faculty for Albanian teens by TUMO on October 16th, the Pyramid is now officially giving back to the people.

图片来自网络 Internet image

改造前 before renovation

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

改造后 after renovation

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

地拉那金字塔于1988年首次作为博物馆开放，此后经历了诸多历史变迁，先后被用作广播电台、夜总会、会议场所、演播中心等等。由于用途不断变化，加上曾经实施的数次不完全的改造，金字塔的内部空间杂乱昏暗。近几十年来，如何处理这座建筑的问题一直备受争议。 然而，2015年公布的一项研究表明，大多数阿尔巴尼亚人反对拆除这座建筑，2017年，政府放弃了拆除的想法，宣布了改造这座“混凝土巨石”的计划， 这一计划在阿尔巴尼亚裔美国人发展基金会 (AADF) 和地拉那市政府的帮助下得以实现，并决定将该建筑改造成一个培养阿尔巴尼亚年轻人的场所。

First opened as a museum in 1988, the Pyramid of Tirana has led numerous lives, for example, it was variously used as a radio station, a nightclub, a conference venue, a broadcast centre, etc. The ever-changing uses, along with incomplete previous renovation plans, left behind a patchwork of alterations that made the interior cluttered and dark. In recent decades, the question of what to do with the building proved highly controversial. A study published in 2015, however, showed that the majority of Albanians were opposed to demolishing the building, and in 2017 this desire was honoured when the government announced plans to transform the concrete monolith. This promise was carried out with the help of the Albanian-American Development Foundation (AADF) and the Municipality of Tirana, with the decision made to turn the building into a nurturing environment for young Albanians.

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

对众多阿尔巴尼亚人来说，地拉那金字塔是战胜强权的象征，MVRDV的设计灵感正来自于人们对于这座建筑的使用方式。在多年废弃的状态下，这座建筑成为地拉那年轻人的聚会场地，他们爬上斜梁，再从上面滑下来，具有一定的安全隐患。 改造后，沿着斜坡铺设的台阶允许各个年龄段的人爬到建筑的顶部。在西侧，无法攀爬台阶的人可以通过电梯到达金字塔顶端。同时，一根斜梁上保留了斜坡，人们仍然可以选择滑到底部。

For many Albanians the Pyramid is a symbol of victory over the regime, and MVRDV’s design was inspired by the way that they had reclaimed the building. After the death of the dictator, the deteriorating structure had long served as a hangout spot for Tirana’s youth, who would climb the sloping beams and – not without risk – slide back down. Now, steps rise up the sloping sides, allowing people of all ages to climb to the top of the building. On the western side, a lift gives access to the top of the Pyramid for those who can’t climb the steps, while one beam incorporates a sloped section where people can still slide to the bottom.

《英国卫报》

“作为一种对过去的重塑，而不是抹去，地拉那金字塔的改造是强大的。MVRDV尊重了这座建筑历史的复杂性，其中包括建造它的人们的劳动和技能，以及为容纳未来使用者而进行适应性改造的潜力。它发掘了过去的荣耀和对未来的希望。这是有趣和快乐的。”

"As a way of remaking a troubled past without obliterating it, it’s powerful. The new work honours the complexity of the building’s history, which includes the labour and skill of the people who built it and the adaptive genius of the later occupations. It discovers pride in the past alongside hope in the future. It is fun and joyful. "

图片来自网络 Internet image

改造前 before renovation

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

改造后 after renovation

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

“当我第一次看到地拉那的年轻人在金字塔上下行走时，我被金字塔的象征意义和地拉那人的乐观精神深深打动了。”MVRDV创始合伙人 Winy Maas 说道， “考虑到这曾是在阿尔巴尼亚人民最为的贫困时期建造的最昂贵的建筑，我们在改造过程中移除了所有美化独裁统治的标志，同时保留了一些原有的细节，让游客也能了解这座建筑的过去，并完全向公众开放，所有这些盒子都‘蹲’在建筑内部和周围。 改造后的金字塔现在已成为纪念阿尔巴尼亚人民坚韧精神的纪念碑。 ”

“The first time I saw the Pyramid being walked all over by the youth of Tirana, I was deeply touched by its symbolism and by its incredible optimism”, says MVRDV founding partner Winy Maas. “Keeping in mind this was the most expensive building the communist state had ever realised in a time when the oppressed Albanian population was living in poverty, we removed all symbols glorifying the dictatorship in our transformation. We did keep some of the original details so visitors are also aware of the building’s dark past. The structure is completely open as a ruin in the park, and all these boxes are ‘squatting’ in and around the structure. Once sardonically called the ‘Enver Hoxha Mausoleum’, the transformed Pyramid has now become a monument for the people and their ability to overcome and outlive dictators.”

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

MVRDV 将现存的结构包裹起来，并以结构作为蓝图，增建了可作为公共空间和用于教育活动的“盒子”。一个个容纳着教育和活动空间的彩色盒子散布在建筑内外和公园周围。 这些色彩缤纷的盒子也出现在建筑顶部和前方的公园里，给周围的环境带来了节日般的气氛。

The work of MVRDV’s design team encompasses and encircles the existing structure, using the structure as a blueprint to which publicly accessible spaces and boxes for education and events were added. A stack of coloured boxes containing rooms for education and events are scattered in and around the structure and the park. These colourful additions are also found on top of the structure, and in the park at the front of the building, giving the surroundings the atmosphere of a festival.

图片来自网络 Internet image

改造前 before renovation

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

改造后 after renovation

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

非营利教育机构TUMO Tirana是彩色“盒子”的主要使用者，它将12至18岁的青少年提供免费的课外教育，涵盖软件、机器人技术、动画、音乐和电影等课程。TUMO成立于2011年，随后扩展到整个欧洲。该组织致力于提供教育和机会，应对威胁阿尔巴尼亚等国家经济的“人才流失”现象。 另一部分的彩色盒子向公众开放，为咖啡馆、餐馆、初创公司办公室和实验室、孵化器、工作室等提供租赁空间。

Around half of these spaces will house non-profit educational institution TUMO Tirana, which provides free afterschool education for 12- to 18-year-olds in new techniques such as software, robotics, animation, music, and film. Founded in Armenia in 2011 and since then spreading throughout Europe, TUMO helps to provide education and opportunities that can be a tool against the “brain drain” that threatens the economy of countries like Albania. The other half of the coloured boxes will be accessible to the public, hosting rental spaces for cafés, restaurants, start-up offices and labs, incubators, studio spaces, and more.

图片来自网络 Internet image

改造前 before renovation

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

改造后 after renovation

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

「地拉那金字塔」的改造让我们看到了如何使建筑适应新时代的要求，同时保留其复杂的历史，它向我们展示了粗野主义历史建筑更新的无限可能。 这个项目也符合联合国设定的若干可持续发展目标。与其拆除原有的结构，我们选择遵循循环经济的发展原则，对建筑的混凝土外壳进行适应性的再利用。建筑的大部分结构在一年中的多数时间里都向周围环境开放，只有新增的用作教学的“盒子”们需要进行气候控制，从而减少能耗。建筑新增的教学功能推进了城市的教育发展，适应性再利用的改造方案也帮助阿尔巴尼亚向可持续社会进程迈出了一大步。

The transformation of the Pyramid shows how a building can be made suitable for a new era, while at the same time preserving its complex history, and demonstrates that historic brutalist buildings are ideal for reuse. The project also meets a number of the Sustainable Development Goals outlined by the United Nations. Rather than wastefully demolish the structure, its robust concrete shell is adapted along circular economy principles. As the majority of the structure is open to the surroundings for most of the year, only the added boxes housing the educational program need to be climate-controlled, reducing energy consumption. Social sustainability is advanced in the building’s new use, with the educational programme advancing education and preparing the next generation for success.

图片 Image: © Ossip van Duivenbode

MVRDV建筑规划事务所由Winy Maas、Jacob van Rijs和Nathalie de Vries创立于荷兰鹿特丹，致力于为当代的建筑和都市问题提供解决方案。MVRDV的创作基于深度研究与高度协作，各领域的专家、客户及利益相关方从项目初期一直参与设计的全过程。直率而真诚的建筑、都市规划、研究和装置作品堪称典范，让城市和景观朝向更美好的未来发展。

MVRDV的早期项目，如荷兰公共广播公司VPRO的总部，以及荷兰阿姆斯特丹的WoZoCo老年公寓，都获得了广泛的国际赞誉。MVRDV250余位建筑师、设计师和城市规划师在多学科交叉的设计过程中，始终坚持严格的技术标准和创新性研究。MVRDV采用BIM技术，公司内拥有正式的BREEAM和LEED顾问。MVRDV与荷兰代尔夫特理工大学合作运营独立智库和研究机构The Why Factory，通过展望未来都市，为建筑及都市主义提供发展议程。

MVRDV was set up in 1993 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands by Winy Maas, Jacob van Rijs and Nathalie de Vries. MVRDV engages globally in providing solutions to contemporary architectural and urban issues. A research-based and highly collaborative design method engages experts from all fields, clients and stakeholders in the creative process. The results are exemplary and outspoken buildings, urban plans, studies and objects, which enable our cities and landscapes to develop towards a better future.
Early projects by the office, such as the headquarters for the Dutch Public Broadcaster VPRO and WoZoCo housing for the elderly in Amsterdam lead to international acclaim. 250 architects, designers and other staff develop projects in a multi-disciplinary, collaborative design process which involves rigorous technical and creative investigation. MVRDV works with BIM and has official in-house BREEAM and LEED assessors. Together with Delft University of Technology, MVRDV runs The Why Factory, an independent think tank and research institute providing an agenda for architecture and urbanism by envisioning the city of the future.